Approaches to Teaching Listening Skills

Approaches to Teaching Listening Skills Among the other four skills, listening is the one that has been most forgotten and neglected in second language classrooms. So teachers don’t pay much attention to this skill and teach it carelessly. In the field of language teaching and learning proficiency has tended to be viewed as the ability of speaking and writing in language in question. Listening and reading skills are in the second position. One reason for this situation might be the demanding characteristic of the listening skill. Listening has gained a new importance in language classrooms after spreading IT technology based information in society in Iran. Moreover it should be mentioned that most of the students’ class time is devoted to the listening. Despite this, we often take importance of listening for granted, and it is the most overlooked skill among other skills. In natural order of learning any language, listening stands at first rank. Without any reception one can not produce anything. Though, if a teacher wants to have fluent and productive students, he/she should pay much and necessary attention to teaching listening skill. Listening Some of the teachers believe that speaking should be actively discouraged. One of the reasons of emphasizing listening and delaying speaking is based on an opinion. Those who give importance to speaking view the language as a product and think that language is a behavior and speaking is the manifestation of this learning or happening. On the contrary, there are approaches that gave more importance to listening Nation, Newton (2009). in this approach of language learning , listening is at the center. All of the information necessary for building up the knowledge for using language comes from receptive skills: listening, and reading. When the knowledge of language in this regard is built the learner can write and speak. In other words, with out any input, the outcome or output should be nothing. Gray and Gray (1981) described the benefits of del aying speaking and concentrating on listening. These benefits include the following: † 1. The learner is not overloaded by having to focus on two or more skills at the same time-a cognitive benefit. 2. Speed of coverage -receptive knowledge grows faster than productive knowledge. 3. It is easy to move very quickly to realistic communicative listening activities. 4. L earners will not feel shy or worried about their language classes. Having to speak a foreign language, particularly when you know very little, can be a frightening experience. 5. Listening activities are well studied to independent learning through listening to readings.† Critics believe that producing a language is not sufficient for learning. In language learning substantial quantities of receptive activity should be included in the mind for future use. To speak communicatively and to convey and understand the meaning, one should have a previous language knowledge and information in his/her mind. Models of listening Traditionally listening was viewed as a passive skill through which the listener or hearer received information sent by message senders. More recently listening is viewed as an active and interpretive process by which the message is not fixed but is made or created by participants. (Newton,Nation.2009)

Organisational Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational Structure - Essay Example le within the company as well as the company itself so that the end result is one on which everyone solemnly agree, that is to make the company thrive from a revenue-generating angle and image building aspect in the long run. The change in the organizations’ strategies as well as structures guarantee that the company is present and willing to do more than just provide products and services to the end consumers. It wants to make the people realize that the company is there and wants to do its very best by tailoring its strategies in such a manner that can only benefit them nonetheless. After all, a company or an organization without the target people is nothing more than an office set up with employees and employers working for no one, at the end of the day. Organization is a body of working people, having various types of persons with heterogeneous behaviors interlink with corporate goals and objectives. This cluster of people is grouped in different categories according to their working importance, caliber and productivity at various hierarchical levels. â€Å"The established pattern of relationships between the component parts of an organization, outlining both communication, control and authority patterns. Structure distinguishes the parts of an organization and delineates the relationship between them†. (Wilson and Rosenfeld, 1990) Functional OS divides the whole company people and departments into various functions they performed. This type of structure is focused on specialized divisions of workers and employees, hierarchical positions, impersonal rules of management and impersonal relations. Functional Have two types in practical form: Flat Functional Structure, also labeled as horizontal or broad structure, has many people at top level with various departments working under them. This type is typically bureaucratic style of business having complicated procedures and many people involved at various levels. When this structure flows down, one person

Developing a Joint Globally Accepted Conceptual Framework Essay - 1

Developing a Joint Globally Accepted Conceptual Framework - Essay Example This essay stresses that the advantage with IASB conceptual framework is that of having a wider and broader purpose as opposed to the FASB framework. IASB places more emphasis on other purposes which include use of statements of finance and helping auditors while FASB theoretical framework seeks to place very little emphasis on these other purposes. This puts IASB framework in a much higher level in the GAAP order than the FASB framework’s GAAP hierarchy of the United States, also the status framework will reflect the difference in purpose. IASB framework is highly considered by those units that prepare statements of finance under IFRS where a specific standard is not applicable. This paper makes a conclusion that the FASB Statements of Concepts are ranked below articles, textbooks on accounting and handbooks under the United States GAAP. The FASB Concepts Statements are ranked no higher than accounting textbooks, handbooks, and articles, and below widely recognized and prevalent general or industry practices. Recent changes in U.S. law and regulation have removed responsibility for establishing the U.S. GAAP. FASB structure includes gains, losses, expenses, revenue and comprehensive income as the elements relating to financial performance while IASB has expenses ad income as its only elements. IASB defines an asset as a resource for drawing future economic benefits while FASB framework terms assets themselves as the economic benefits of the future a thing that puts IASB ahead of FASB.

Why Extrinsic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why Extrinsic - Essay Example The failure of organization to provide perceived equity for employees results in a lot of resentment (especially when there is secrecy and people overestimate each other’s pay) and resulting inefficiencies. The failure of extrinsic rewards is even more obvious in executive positions as incentive systems had very weak or negative correlations to corporate profits as at higher incomes, prospect of more money fails to be a motivator. Locke’s (1960) research suggests a reason for such results – incentives actually discourage risk-taking and people perform easier tasks to complete as much work as possible. Employees look at short-term benefits (monetary rewards) rather than long-term organizational interests. Another research proved that in the long-term, even the removal of a financial incentive system that has been long in place could not drive down productivity. Merit pay has also failed as a motivator of performance as few managers feel that higher pay would make them work harder. Therefore, intrinsic rewards such as training and goal-setting is a much stronger motivator of performance. To treat workers with respect and appreciation is what motivates them to stay at an organization and higher pay has failed to reduce employee turnover in the

Strategies for control and prevention of delinquency Essay

Strategies for control and prevention of delinquency - Essay Example However, the rate went on decreasing as the years went by. Owing to those worrying figures of juvenile delinquencies cases, that evidence is strong enough to find ways of addressing them in order to reduce them considerably if not to totally eradicate them. Actually, without unique techniques of preventing juvenile delinquency, more youths are most likely to involve themselves in criminal and risky activities making the figures to rise again tremendously. Importantly, there are multiple strategies which can be implemented that aim at solving those problems. In a point of fact, there are several factors that make young people to involve in delinquency which include various family circumstances. Thus, this paper elaborates how a legislator can implement strategies that can be used to control and prevent delinquency. Delinquency Control and Prevention Strategies Since the family is the organizational unit that has been mandated the crucial role of bringing up children, a legislator can use it to control and curb delinquency. In this scenario, a number of family interventions should be put in place. The first intervention is family knowledge training plan (Velleman, Templeton & Copello, 2005). The families where one or both parents are drug addicts would be helped as much as possible to avoid using drugs. Such parents would play a crucial role of reciprocating that knowledge to their children. The trainers would help both the children and parents to change their negative thinking and focus more on the positive ideas. In order to help children grow physically, sociologically and spiritually, parents would be obliged to allow their children to associate with the right peer groups (Loeber, Farrington & Petechuk, 2003). Therefore, the young people would be taught good peer groups that they can join. Parents would also be taught good supervision to their children in order not to be too strict neither lenient on their children’s behaviour (Velleman, Templeton, & C opello, 2005). Additionally, parents would learn how to influence their children to acceptable behaviour both at home and in the society. Parents influencing their children in the right way would be critical in curbing delinquency because frequently, majority of the youth normally follow their parents’ recommendations. On the other side, government officials and other stakeholders willing to

Transitional Economy of Azerbaijan Research Paper

Transitional Economy of Azerbaijan - Research Paper Example One of the transitional economic systems can be identified as the currently practiced structure of Azerbaijan which legitimately began with the execution of ‘Law on Basic Economic Development’ since the year 1991 followed by the commencement of ‘Cost of Liberalization’ in the preceding year 1992. This transition escorted to hyperinflation rates in Azerbaijan which was recorded to be approximately 1.66% by the end of the year 1994. Subsequently, since, 1991 to 1994, the national income of the country had to witness a steep decline from USD 35,006 million (in 1991) to USD 1.031 million (in 1994). The radical decline in the growth rates was further learned to have a crucial effect on the agricultural and industrial output of the country which consequently increased the rate of unemployment within the economy (Baranick & Salayeva, 2005).   The economy of Azerbaijan The economy of Azerbaijan was able to retain its growth since the year 1995 after witnessing a s ubstantial decline in terms of its income level as well as its overall industrial output. The reforms in the economic conditions have taken place in the year 1995 when the government attempted to set up a widespread stabilization approach in its economic system with the support of International Monetary Fund (IMF) with respect to its Systematic Transformation Facility (STF). The increasing growth of the economy was immensely supported by the country’s persistence towards the stabilization of policies within the private and governmental institutions. As well as the IMF, The World Bank, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) have been identified as a few of the major prominent financial contributors in the developmental process of the economic conditions in Azerbaijan. With regards to the forecasting view of IMF towards the development of the country, it had been projected that Azerbaijan is quite likely to attain a sus tainable growth rate of around 7.1% by the year-end of 2012. It was also assumed by IMF that the inflation rate, likely to be witnessed by the country in its progress during 2012, would be around 10.3% (Mirzeyev, 2012).

Music Therapy Description Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Music Therapy Description - Term Paper Example Music therapy is defined as "a systematic process of intervention wherein the therapist helps the client to promote health, using music experiences and the relationships that develop through them..." (Bruscia KE, 1998) In these Modern times of great advancement in science and technology, music to therapy shows great promise in the expanding field of health care. Music therapy helps greatly in the field of medical sciences especially for cancer patients, in management, for children suffering from ADD to help soothe and calm the bodies and minds of such patients. Research has shown that music with a strong with them and beat stimulates the brain waves bringing about deeper concentration alertness. On the other hand, music with softer notes and slower tempos tend to calm and soothe the body bringing about a Meditative state of mind. Depression seems to be one of the major causes of certain types of illnesses. Though depression mostly occurs among older adults, there is no getting away from the fact that even the youth could experience some type of depression at any time in their lives. It is here that music therapy serves as one of the most cost-effective, but very much accessible interventions which could be applied in times of anxiety, distress and for other such symptoms of depression. Researchers Hanser SB; Thompson LW., (1994) after their research concluded that music therapy had great potential as a very beneficial intervention especially for the elderly who had limited access to professionals in health care. Home-based program – during the home-based program, the individuals learned the techniques of stress reduction by listening to music. This technique is carried out by a music therapist on a weekly basis when he visits the patient at home.